International Research Journal of Education and Technology

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health challenge worldwide, but it is particularly acute in India. The phenomenon where microorganisms—such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites—develop the ability to survive exposure to antimicrobial drugs, such as antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, poses a critical threat to effective treatment and prevention of infections. This resistance leads to longer hospital stays, higher medical costs, and increased mortality.