International Research Journal of Education and Technology

Diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic disorders characterized by defective insulin secretion or either insulin action, is becoming more and more common worldwide. It is primarily caused by the pancreas not producing enough insulin or by the body becoming resistant to the insulin, which results in hyperglycaemia (increased blood glucose) and disrupts the metabolism of fat, carbohydrates, and protein. Most people are not aware of their blood glucose levels, which can lead to life-threatening situations. If left untreated, diabetes mellitus can cause serious side effects like retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Improving patient outcomes and minimizing complications need early diagnosis, lifestyle changes, and proper medical management. This review focuses on diabetes melilotus’s pathophysiology, etiology, risk factors, symptoms, complications, and management techniques.