International Research Journal of Education and Technology

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by progressive kidney damage that can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The pathogenesis of DN involves complex interactions between genetic, metabolic, and hemodynamic factors. Vitamin D, traditionally known for its role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, has emerged as a potential modulator of various non-skeletal functions, including immune regulation, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of Vitamin D in the pathophysiology of DN through both genomic and non-genomic pathways.