International Research Journal of Education and Technology

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a chronic vascular condition characterized by narrowing or blockage of arteries, primarily in the lower extremities, due to atherosclerosis. PAD is a significant public health concern worldwide, contributing to morbidity, reduced quality of life, and increased cardiovascular risk. Among the various modifiable risk factors, smoking stands out as a critical contributor to the development and progression of PAD. The relationship between PAD and smoking is well-established, with smokers being at a markedly higher risk of developing this condition compared to non-smokers.